Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) Kingdon’s Policy Streams Model is the work of Professor John Kingdon and was created in 1984. This political model became an important foundational part of how legislative policy is brought initiated, developed and implemented. Kingdon’s Policy Streams Model posits that there are three main aspects to the initiation of a policy initiative. namely, the presented problem, the politics surrounding the problem and the existing policies that address the problem (Hoefer, 2022). Kingdon’s ideology also states that while these three streams may exist independently of one another, in order for policy change to come about all three must converge (Hoefer, 2022). This Model can be applied to the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). The problem being the uncontrolled number of influenza cases leading to many fatalities worldwide. Countries across the globe attempted policies at the surveillance and control of influenza but failed to employ an effective policy. Ultimately, the World Health Organization (WHO) created the GISRS which was been successful for over 65 years. The politics surrounding this policy were immense due to the development and initiation of Influenza vaccinations among heavily impacted populations (Monto, 2018). Historically, vaccines are strongly considered to be some of the most controversial healthcare interventions. The Longest Policy Cycle Model is another model which can be directly applied to the GISRS. It is a continuous process which illustrates the phases of policy formation, consisting of the policy formation phase itself, implementation phase and modification phase (Tsay et al., 2019). Specific protocol and agendas were created for the GISRS during the formation phase. During the second phase, legislators create law that is to be followed throughout the implementation of the policy. Throughout the modification phase, data is collected and analyzed so statistical trends can set the foundation for the policy moving forward (Tsay et al., 2019). Economic, social and environmental factors will directly impact the implementation of such a policy initiative. Economically, not all nations affected by the Influenza virus are able to properly fund and surveil cases. This lack of financial funding can lead to skewed results and a misleading policy. Socially, the WHO is generally responsible for surveillance and GISRS, much collaboration is required from participating countries to ensure a successful policy (Hay & McCauley, 2018). Creating public and private relationships with countries can help maximize defense against the Influenza virus thereby making way for a more integrated model. Environmentally, some countries are better suited geographically to handle outbreaks of influenza (Hay & McCauley, 2018). This is especially evident in areas of cold and dry as well as humid and rainy climates. References Monto A. S. (2018). Reflections on The Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) at 65 Years: An Expanding Framework for Influenza Detection, Prevention and Control. Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 12(1), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12511Links to an external site. Hay, A. J., & McCauley, J. W. (2018). The WHO global influenza surveillance and response system (GISRS)-A future perspective. Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 12(5), 551–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12565Links to an external site. Hoefer R. (2022). The Multiple Streams Framework: Understanding and Applying the Problems, Policies, and Politics Approach. Journal of Policy Practice and Research, 3(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42972-022-00049-2 Tsay, S. L., Tsay, S. F., Ke, C. Y., Chen, C. M., & Tung, H. H. (2019). Analysis of nurse practitioner scope of practice in Taiwan using the Longest policy cycle model. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 31(3), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1097/JXX.0000000000000127
