M2 Study Questions

ABA 534: M2 Guided Notes:

Place one answer in each blank. Please put all answers in BOLD. If your answers are not in BOLD, your assignment will NOT be graded.

Cooper, J.O., Heron, T.E., and Heward, W.L. (2019). Applied Behavior Analysis – 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Chapter 4:

· ______________________ is the process of applying quantitative labels to describe and differentiate objects and natural events.

· Measurement in applied behavior analysis entails three steps:

· Measurement is how scientists __________________________ empiricism.

Practitioners Need Measurement

· Practitioners measure behavior initially to determine______________________ and whether that level___________________________________.

· Practitioners measure behavior to find out:

· In addition to enabling ongoing program monitoring and data-based decision making, frequent measurement provides 5 additional benefits, including:

· Measurement helps practitioners optimize their effectiveness

Measurable Dimensions of Behavior

· Because behavior occurs within and across time, it has three fundamental and measurable __________________. _____________________.

· R_____________________________. Instances of a behavior can occur repeatedly through time, i.e. behavior can be c___________________.

· T____________________ e_______________. Every instance of behavior occurs during some extent of t___________. i.e. the d______________ of behavior can be measured

· Temporal ___________________. Every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point of time with respect to _______________. _________________. i.e. W___________ behavior occurs can be measured.

Measures Based on Repeatability

· C_________________ is a simple tally of the number of _________________ of a behavior

· Rate is the ___________________________________________; it is expressed as count per standard unit of __________________.

· Behavior analysts use two methods to calculate the rate of response:

· When using rate of response, behavior analysts must include the _______________ of the observation time.

· Evaluating skills development and fluency requires measurement of ______________ and _____________________ response rates.

· Account for v________________ c________________ and difficulty when calculating response rates.

· Rate of response is a useful measure for all behaviors characterized as f__________ o_________________.

· The term free operant refers to behaviors that have:

· Do not use rate to measure behaviors that:

· Celeration in the measure of the _____________ (a______________ or d_____________) in responding per unit of time.

· Rate __________________ when a participant responds faster over successive counting periods

· Rate __________________ when responding slows over successive observations

Measures Based on Temporal Extent

· The basic measure of temporal extent is ____________________. It measures the amount of time from the _____________ to the ___________________ of a response.

· When measuring the amount of tie a person engages in a target behavior , it is important to measure _______________________.

· Duration would be an important measure for behaviors that are:

· Occurring for too___________ or too____________ of a tie period

· Occur at too _____________ rates.

· Two methods of recording duration include:

Measures based on Temporal Locus

· Temporal locus refers to a) when a behavior occurs with respect to other everts of interest (e.g. the latency between the _______________ of an antecedent event and the _________________ of the behavior), and the amount of ______________ that elapses between two consecutive _________________ of a response class.

· The measure of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and a subsequent response is called ______________________________.

· It would be important to use a latency measure when _______________________________________________________________________.

· Two examples of appropriate situations where latency measures are:

· I________________ R_______________ T________________ (__ __. ___) is a measure of the amount of time that elapses between two consecutive instances of a behavior.

· When calculating IRT, you would record the amount of time elapsed from ______________________________ and the beginning of __________________>

· IRT is an important measure when the ______________ between responses, or p____________ is a concern.

Derivative Measures

· Two forms of data derived from direct measures of dimensional quantities of behavior are p___________________ and t______________ t_ c_____________________.

· __________________ is a proportion, expressed as a number of parts per 100.

· Percentage is typically a r___________ of the number of responses of a certain type per _______________ _________________ or responses.

· Behavior analysts typically report response accuracy with a ________________ measure.

· Cautions on the use and interpretation of percentages include:

· When divisors are s_________

· Changes in percentage e________________ suggest improved performance

· Trials-to criterion is a measure of the _________________ of responses needed to achieve __________________________________________________.

· Trials-to-criterion data are often calculated and reported as an ex post facto measure of one important aspect of the ___________ of a treatment

· Trials-to criterion data are often used to compare the ____________________ ________________________ of two or more instructional methods or treatments.

Definitional Measures

· T__________________ is the physical form or shape of a behavior, and is of primary importance when measuring whether certain responses meet t__________________ criteria.

· Magnitude is the __________, f______________, or i_______________ of a response. This is an important measure when the desired outcomes of behavior are contingent upon responses within a certain range of m_________________________.

Methods for Measuring Behavior

· When detecting and recording the number of times a behavior of interest occurs, you are using e_________________. r__________________.

· Event recording can be used to measure d__________ t__________ behaviors, in which the count for each trial or opportunity is either 1 or 0, representing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior.

· Time sampling refers to a variety of methods for observing and recording behavior during i____________________ of s_____________ m_____________ in time

· When using whole-interval recording, the observer records whether the target behavior occurred t_________________________ the interval.

· When preparing to record using whole-interval recording, you would divide the observation period into ______________________________________________________.

· Data collected with whole interval recording is reported as the _______________________ of total intervals in which the target behavior was recorded as occurring

· When using partial interval recording, the observer records whether the behavior occurred _________________ during the interval.

· When preparing to record using partial-interval recording, you would divide the observation period into ______________________________________________________.

· When the observer records whether the target behavior occurred specifically at the end of the interval, they are using m_______________________ time sampling

· P__________________ A_________________ C________________ is a variation of time sampling in which the observer records whether each individual in a group is engaged in the target behavior.

Measuring Behavior By Permanent Products

· Measurement by permanent product involves measuring the behavior __________________ it occurs by observing the ________________ of the behavior on the environment.

· Advantages of Measuring permanent products include:

· Frees practitioner for other tasks

· Two rules for measurement with permanent products include:

· Rule 1: Each occurrence of the target behavior must produce the __________ permanent product.

· Rule 2: The permanent product can be produced by ______________________________________________________________.

Measurement Tools

· Five examples of low-tech tools include: 1_______________________; 2_______________________; 3_________________________; 4________________________; 5_______________________________.

· Examples of high tech tools include:

Selecting a Measurement Method

· When selecting a measurement method, consider:

· The behavior change goals

· The expected ______________ of behavior change

· The relative ease of ________________ the occurrence of behavior

· The e________________ and _________ the behavior will be measured

· The a________________ and s_____________ of personnel

· Collect he type and number of behavioral measures need to ____________________________________________________________________.

Kazdin Chapter 4 -Methods of Assessment

1. Frequency measures:

a. When are measures of the frequency of response particularly useful?

b. What are some examples?

c. Describe two ways that frequency measures are used.

d. What are the advantages of using frequency as a measure in applied settings?

2. What is the difference between frequency measures and discrete categorization measures?

3. Interval recording:

a. A. what is the difference between continuous and discontinuous measurement?

b. Describe the benefits and drawbacks of each of the following measurement procedures:

	Benefit	Drawback
Momentary Time Sampling
Partial Interval Recording
Whole-interval recording

4. How would you calculate a percentage score from interval data? Give the formula and an example.

5. When is it useful to use the duration method of recording? What types of teaching programs would benefit from using a duration method of recording?

6. What is an advantage of using a latency measure?

7. When is it useful to record the number of people who perform a behavior? Give an example.

8. What are response specific measures and give an example.

9. Provide examples of biologically and psychophysiologically- based measures.

10. Describe how smart phones and wristbands can be used for experience sampling.

11. Self-report measures:

a. Describe

b. What are benefits?

c. What are drawbacks?

d. Provide an example.

12. Reports by others:

a. Describe

b. What are the benefits?

c. What are the drawbacks?

d. Provide an example.

13. What are the considerations involved in selecting an assessment strategy?

14. Why might you want to use both objective and subjective measures?

15. Describe the benefits and drawbacks of each of the following conditions of assessment:

	Benefits	Drawbacks
Natural Tasks and Activities
Contrived Tasks and Activities
Natural Environment
Laboratory or Clinic Setting
Obtrusive Assessment
Unobtrusive Assessment
Human Recording
Automated Recording

ABA 534: M2 Guided Notes:

***Place one answer in each blank. Please put all answers in BOLD. If your answers are not in BOLD, your assignment will NOT be graded. ***

Place one answer in each blank. Please put all answers in BOLD. If your answers are not in BOLD, your assignment will NOT be graded.