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Correlation and Prediction Studies
Courtney S. Edwards
College of Doctoral Studies, Grand Canyon University
RES-844-O500: Designing a Quantitative Study 2
Dr. Victor Landry
July 27, 2022
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Correlation and Prediction Studies
In academia, the mark of being a successful student would be a good GPA because of
practicing due diligence when it comes to focusing on their studies. In education, it is important
to celebrate all aspects of diversity, including different ways of how students learn (Mašić et al.,
2020). Identification of the preferred learning styles may help instructors to differentiate the
teaching process and may have positive impacts on obtaining and improving learning outcomes
(Mašić et al., 2020).
Regardless of how the student learns, the results of their understanding of the material are
captured on an exam. Ultimately, those exam scores are reflected upon the GPA, or grade point
average. To calculate the GPA, the sum of all the grades is divided by the total number of credits
or courses taken (Grade Point Average and Class Rank, 2013). This formally baselines students’
academic performance across all courses studied in their respective academic disciplines and
facilitates contrastive analysis with English language results (Rudd & Honkiss, 2020).
Although grade point averages are usually calculated on a 4.0 scale, some schools may
use a 5.0 or even an 11.0 scale (Grade Point Average and Class Rank, 2013). The higher the
number, the better the grade.
The Relationship Between GPA and English Scores
English language skills are necessary for success in academic success; because of this,
scores on a rest of English language abilities should show some relationship to initial success at
the university level (Bridgeman et al., 2016). However, a relationship between GPA and English
scores could end up not being strong, as there are other factors that can influence academic
success, such as knowledge in specific content domains, motivation, persistence, grit, and even
gender. When it comes to a subject like English, women tend to excel higher than their male
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counterparts, however, they tend to score lower on science and math. In addition, female students
have been reported to exhibit greater school marks regardless of the subject matter, although in
standardized tests, male students have been found to outperform females, especially when
quantitative scientific competencies are measured (Pilotti, 2021). In this case, it is now known if
and to what extent a relationship exists between GPA and English scores.
For this study, we will be determining if there is a relationship between GPA and English
scores. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study is to measure if and to what extent a
relationship exists between GPA and English scores.
Research Question and Hypothesis
The question that will be addressed is, to what extent, if at all, does a relationship exist
between GPA and English scores?
Hypothesis
H10: There is not a relationship between GPA and English scores.
H1A: There is a relationship between GPA and English scores.
Testing and Result Analysis
Out of the 250 students that were observed, 126 were female, and 124, were male,
showing that the female students made up 50.4% of the total respondents. This also tends to
make sense with the understanding that the female gender tends to lean towards the language
subjects and humanities. Although the percentage is not 50/50, it is very close, showing that male
students and female students have the same access to education.
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Statistical Analysis
A test statistical analysis was then conducted after the preliminary findings on the
breakdown of gender, with the results being shown in the table below.
Out of the 250 responses recorded, case had a mean value of 125.5, with the subject of science
holding a mean value of 0.83554, Mathematics with a mean value of 0.85140, and English with a
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mean value of 0.84953. GPA had a mean value of 2.9065, meaning that majority of the students
observed had at least a 2.90. The GPAs observed had a minimum of 1.80 and a maximum of
4.00, showing that the grade point averages observed on based on a 4.00 scale. Results for the
standard deviation, mean standard deviation, and variance are also mentioned in the above table.
Conducting Correlation
As stated earlier, the purpose of this quantitative, correlational study is to measure if and
to what extent a relationship exists between GPA and English scores. From the earlier statistical
analysis, it is shown that English has a mean of 0.84953 (or rounded to 0.850) with a standard
deviation of 0.093905 (or rounded to 0.094). GPA has a mean of 2.9065 (or rounded to 2.91)
with a standard deviation of 0.61889 (or rounded to 0.619).
The correlation between both GPA and English scores shows that GPA has a negative
Pearson correlation value of -0.053, which would mean that as there is a weak correlation
between both variables. In addition to this, the significant value (or P-value) is 0.404, which is
greater than 0.05. Since the P-value is larger than 0.05, we would reject the null hypothesis.
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Regression
The regression test for the GPA’s significance would be accepted, as the R square level
has a value of 0.003 and the adjusted R square value is -0.001. Both values are less than the
significance level of 0.05, which means that we would fail to reject the null hypothesis.
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Can the GPA Predict English Scores?
As stated earlier, the purpose of this quantitative, correlational study is to measure if and
to what extent a relationship exists between GPA and English scores. The question addressed
was, to what extent, if at all, does a relationship exist between GPA and English scores? Based
on the information from the analysis, it has been shown that there is a very weak relationship
between GPA and English scores. What we now need to know is if a GPA can predict English
scores.
The dependent variable in this case would be English, whereas the independent variable
is GPA. The formula would be:
y = 0 + 1×1
With this formula, we would then enter in the constant and the GPA values in SPSS under
Transform -> Compute Variable, so that the equation looks like the following:
y = .873 + (-.008*GPA)
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In SPSS, a new column appears, showing predicted English scores. Based on this, it can be
concluded that there is a relationship between GPA and English scores, and GPA can ultimately
predict English scores.
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References
Bridgeman, B., Cho, Y., & DiPietro, S. (2016). Predicting grades from an English language
assessment: The importance of peeling the onion. Language Testing, 33(3), 307-318.
Grade point average and class rank. (2013). Education Opens Doors.
https://educationopensdoors.org/wp-content/uploads/2013.02/Calculating-GPA.pdf
Mašić, A., Polz, E., & Bećirović, S. (2020). The relationship between learning styles, GPA,
school level and gender. European Researcher, 11(1), 51-60. https://doi-
org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.13187/er2020.1.51
Pilotti, M. A. E. (2021). What lies beneath sustainable education? Predicting and tackling gender
differences in STEM academic success. Sustainability (2071-1050), 13(4), 1671.
https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.3390/su13041671
Rudd, M., & Honkiss, L. (2020). Anaysing the correlation between English proficiency and
academic performance among Thai university students. Athens Journal of Education,
7(1), 122-138. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1237431.pdf
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