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Theories Grid Guidelines and Scoring Guidelines
General Instructions
It can be difficult to make distinctions between the various theoretical models studied in this course. Some of the theories/models use the same terms but might attach different meanings to them. Other theories use different terms to refer to similar concepts. To help, students are to create one grid that compares the major theories across several categories. It is suggested that this project be begun when the student first begins to read about the theories and updated as each theory is studied. This project is designed to help distinguish the fine points between the theories and to serve as a personal study guide for exams and post-graduate testing.
I. General Directions: Take each of the eleven major theoretical approaches (1-11), the six subcategories (6a, 6b, 7a, 10a, 10b, 10c), and Positive Psychology (12) studied in this course in this order:
1. Psychoanalytic (you may use example in these guidelines) 2. Adlerian 3. Existential 4. Person-Centered 5. Gestalt 6. Behavior
(6a)Dialectical Behavior Therapy (6b) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive
7. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (7a) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
8. Reality 9. Feminist 10. Postmodern
(10a) Narrative (10b) Collaborative Language (10c) Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
11. Family Systems (draws from other theoretical approaches but has distinct qualities associated with the dimensions below) 12. Positive Psychology (making twelve theories/approaches)
II. Create a table that compares them across the following dimensions: 1. Major Theorist(s)
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2. Key Concepts 3. Therapeutic Goals 4. Relationship Between Therapist and Client 5. Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 6. Applications 7. Strengths 8. Limitations 9. Specific Multicultural Perspectives
***See example for Psychoanalytic Therapy below, which you can use in your own project. III. Layout Directions: Microsoft Word is the preferred program to create your project. Suggestions for designing this project would be to
create a table for each theory/approach in Word and use page breaks between each theory/approach. Choose the landscape option in Page layout and insert a 10-column (nine dimensions plus name of theory) by 18-row table (one row for each major theory, subcategory, and Positive Psychology). Use short statements and include definitions of terms if you are not sure of the meaning of some of the terminology. Since using bullet points causes information to automatically indent into your column space, you might consider using asterisks for your major points as shown in the Psychoanalytical example below. Another space-saving suggestion is to highlight your cells, choose the Layout tab, select Cell Margins, and set the default cell margins to 0”. Doing so allows you to maximize the use of space within the cells.
IV. Information Sources: You can use your textbook and outside resources such as journals or internet sources, but you must properly cite and reference APA style (6th edition) all information you use from ALL sources used to answer your questions. Common terms/language relative to each theory can be used (i.e., id, ego, superego, empty chair technique, etc.). Otherwise: PARAPHRASE AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE–you will learn the particulars of the theories more easily if you can explain the information in your own words! Turnitin will be used to analyze your projects at the discretion of the instructor.
V. Plan ahead: Work on your project each week as you study each theory/approach and save your work in several different places (hard drive, floppy disk, jump drive, email, etc.). Because of the short eight-week session, due dates are non-negotiable.
VI. Be Creative: Use your creativity to create the project. For example, you can insert graphics or examples (your own) to further explain certain points. In past projects, some students have chosen to use colored fonts to differentiate between the theories/approaches and included pictures of either the theorist(s) or icons representative of each theory. Techniques like these make the project information more memorable.
VII. Use the Project: This project can be used as part of your notes when taking your chapter tests and will make an excellent study guide when preparing for comps.
VIII. Suggestions for designing this project are to create a table in Word, to designate at least one page per theory with page breaks in between theories, to include the row with the ten headings at top of the each page so that the information can be kept straight. Choose the landscape option in Page Layout and insert a table with ten columns (nine dimensions plus name of theory) by 18 rows—one row for each of the 11 major theories, six rows for the subcategories, and one row for Positive Psychology.
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Example of Layout Using Psychoanalytic Theory:
Theory Major Theorists
Key Concepts Therapeutic Goals
Therapist-Client Relationship
Techniques & Procedures
Applications Strengths Limitations Multicultural Perspective
Psych
oan
alytic
Freud Jung Erickson
*Human Nature-determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, sexual drive, life/death instincts *Personality Structure-ID-instinctual, ruled by pleasure principle Ego-rational, ruled by reality principle Superego-morals, ruled by rewards & punishments *Ego-Defense Mechanisms-deny/distort reality, operate unconsciously *Focuses on client’s past.
*To make the unconscious conscious
*Strengthen the Ego to make behavior more reality-based
*The goal of the therapist is to make the client’s unconscious thoughts/feelings/issues conscious. *Freud recommends that the client be positioned on a couch away from the therapist, as to avoid eye contact. *The therapist offers little, if any, self-disclosure. *The therapeutic process can be quite lengthy (up to 2 years or longer).
*Maintaining analytic framework
*Free association
*Interpretation
*Dream analysis
*Analysis of resistance
*Analysis of transference
*Useful for those professionals who intend to do intensive therapy
*Useful for clients who are in deep emotional pain
*Clients who want another dimension added to their therapy—those who want to further explore their psyche
*It has focused on key factors such as the unconscious as a defining motive for behavior
*The effects of trauma during the first six years of life are emphasized
*Transference, countertransference, anxiety, and resistance, and the issue of ego defense are highlighted
*Not useful for daily life problems where coping skills should be the focus
*Lengthy and specific training for therapists
*Requires many sessions which would be very expensive for clients
*Clients do not always respond positively to techniques
*The focus on family dynamics makes it appropriate for working with many cultural groups.
*The proper demeanor of the therapist is attractive to clients who expect professional distance
*Internal focus can be in conflict with cultural values that emphasize the interpersonal and environmental dimensions
**You may use the above information on the (1) Psychoanalytic Theory as part of your project. Cite the textbook as your source.
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Scoring Guidelines
Points available: 180.
Component Unacceptable Acceptable Target
Psychoanalytic 9 Dimensions
Information on one or more of the 9 dimensions is missing or
inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Adlerian
9 Dimensions Information on one or more of the
9 dimensions is missing or inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Existential
9 Dimensions Information on one or more of the
9 dimensions is missing or inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Person-Centered
9 Dimensions Information on one or more of the
9 dimensions is missing or inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
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Component Unacceptable Acceptable Target
Gestalt
9 Dimensions Information on one or more of the
9 dimensions is missing or inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Behavior
9 Dimensions Information on one or more of the
9 dimensions is missing or inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Dialectical Behavior
Therapy 9 Dimensions
Information on one or more of the 9 dimensions is missing or
inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Mindfulness-Based
Cognitive 9 Dimensions
Information on one or more of the 9 dimensions is missing or
inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
9 Dimensions Information on one or more of the
9 dimensions is missing or inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
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Component Unacceptable Acceptable Target
Rational Emotive Behavior
Therapy 9 Dimensions
Information on one or more of the 9 dimensions is missing or
inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Reality
9 Dimensions Information on one or more of the
9 dimensions is missing or inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Feminist 9 Dimensions
Information on one or more of the 9 dimensions is missing or
inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Postmodern
9 Dimensions Information on one or more of the
9 dimensions is missing or inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Narrative
9 Dimensions Information on one or more of the
9 dimensions is missing or inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
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Component Unacceptable Acceptable Target
Collaborative Language
9 Dimensions Information on one or more of the
9 dimensions is missing or inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Solution-Focused
Brief Therapy 9 Dimensions
Information on one or more of the 9 dimensions is missing or
inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Family Systems 9 Dimensions
Information on one or more of the 9 dimensions is missing or
inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Positive Psychology
9 Dimensions Information on one or more of the
9 dimensions is missing or inaccurate (3 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is provided, information is accurate, but explanations of key ideas are
vague or incomplete (6 points)
Information on all 9 dimensions is comprehensive, accurate and complete; key ideas are clearly stated and explained (9 points)
Overall Organization
and Clarity No organizational structure; absence of support for main
points (0 points)
Organization is confusing or disjointed; support is provided,
but is not specific; support is only loosely relevant to the main points
(3 points)
Clear organizational structure; ideas sufficiently supported; support is sound, valid, and
logical (6 points)
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Component Unacceptable Acceptable Target
Presentation Creativity Shows little creativity, originality and/or effort in understanding (0
points)
A few original touches enhance the project to show understanding
(3 points)
Exceptionally clever and unique in showing deep understanding
(6 points)
Professional presentation (grammar, mechanics,
spelling)
Writing involves many errors (more than 3) (0 points)
There is some deviation from college-level writing; writing
involves few errors (no more than 3) (3 point)
Graduate-level writing is used; writing is free of all writing errors
(6 points)
