NSG120Week2BasicDiagnosticTestGrid2022.docx

Name of Test

Test Type

Normal Adult Findings

Indications for Test

Interfering Factors & Contraindications

Definition & Clinical Significance of Findings

RBC

Red blood cells

A normal RBC IS a biconcave disk which provides more surface area to carry oxygen. It is flexible so it can pass easily through capillaries. The membrane is so thin that gases such as O2 and Co2 can easily diffuse across it.

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Significance of Findings:

Hgb

Hemoglobin

Pregnancy, smoking, high altitudes, certain medications

Hemoglobin is synthesized in the RBC and this is dependent on the amount of iron available. When the RBC is being manufactured in the marrow it incorporates the iron to form hemoglobin.

Significance of Findings:

Hct

Hematocrit

Anemia

Bleeding

Bleeding disorder

Fluid imbalances

Abnormalities in RBC size may alter Hct values.

Dehydration

Pregnancy

Women tend to have lower values than men.

Percent of RBC’s to volume of whole blood, hemoglobin concentration is usually 1/3 of the hematocrit

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Significance of Findings:

(+) heart disease, dehydration, COPD, erythrocytosis, polycythemia

(-) anemia, cirrhosis, hemorrhage, dietary deficiency

Name of Test

Test Type

Normal Adult Findings

Indications for Test

Interfering Factors & Contraindications

Definition & Clinical Significance of Findings

WBC c diff.

White blood cells

(see below)

BLOOD

5000-1000

Routine labs, infection

Neoplasm, allergy,

Immunosuppression

These cells respond to acute inflammation, bacterial infections and necrosis, they are the first responders to a bacterial infection.

Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) – % segs + % bands x total WBC.

· Neutropenia = ANC less than 1000

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Significance of Findings:

Higher WBC count may indicate infection, leukemia, trauma to tissue.

Lower WBC count may indicate bone marrow depression, viral infection, bone marrow disorders & iron def. anemia.

Neutrophils

BLOOD

2500-8000

Routine labs, infection

Neoplasm, allergy,

Immunosuppression

60-70% of total # of WBC’S they are the first to arrive to the site of need. Primary job is phagocytosis (ingestion and digestion of bacteria and particles)

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Significance of Findings:

Lymphocytes

BLOOD

Routine labs, infection

Neoplasm, allergy,

Immunosuppression

Nongranular WBC’S- they include- B cells – antibody formation & production, T cells – Cell mediated immunity process. Killer cells, suppressor cells, and helper cells

Significance of Findings:

Name of Test

Test Type

Normal Adult Findings

Indications for Test

Interfering Factors & Contraindications

Definition & Clinical Significance of Findings

Monocytes

BLOOD

Routine labs, infection

Neoplasm, allergy,

Immunosuppression

Nongranular WBC’S – Chronic inflammation -second to arrive on the scene regarding infection and increase in number within 24- 48 hours.

Monocytes mature into macrophages in the tissues. Macrophages can surround and wall-off area of inflammation as seen in TB. __________________________________________

Significance of Findings:

Eosinophils

BLOOD

Routine labs, infection

Neoplasm, allergy,

Immunosuppression

Respond to allergies and parasites.

Primarily attracted to the site of antigen- antibody formation, rather than to bacterial invasions. Increase drastically during hypersentivity responses and parasite infestation.

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Significance of Findings:

Basophils

BLOOD

Routine labs, infection

Neoplasm, allergy,

Immunosuppression

Basophils become mast cells in the tissues less than 1% of WBC

Respond to allergies, anaphylaxis and inflammation & contain histamine, heparin and serotonin

Significance of Findings:

Name of Test

Test Type

Normal Adult Findings

Indications for Test

Interfering Factors & Contraindications

Clinical Significance of Findings

Platelet Count

Minor bleeding is associated with platelet counts below 50,000 per microliter of blood & serious bleeding, a count less than 20,000.

Platelets, which are also called thrombocytes, are small disk-shaped blood cells produced in the bone marrow and involved in the process of blood clotting.

Significance of Findings:

CXR

Chest x-ray

Chest Pain

Fever

Persistent cough

Shortness of Breath

Air shows black on x-ray. Fluid, dense tissue and bone show as white.

Significance of Findings:

UA

Urinalysis

(see below)

URINE

Routine, kidney evaluation, hematuria, dysuria, back pain, chronic renal disease, metabolic disease, pre-surgical

An array of tests performed on urine, and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis.

Appearance

Color

Odor

Clear

Amber yellow

aromatic

Stored urine- may change clear to cloudy

Significance of Findings:

Abnormal- cloudy urine- Indicates possible presence of WBC’s, epithelial cells, crystals or bacteria

pH

Significance of Findings:

Protein

Significance of Findings:

Specific gravity

1.005-1.030

Significance of Findings:

Ketones

Normal product of fat metabolism

Increased amounts seen in diabetes or starvation.

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Significance of Findings:

Glucose

Significance of Findings:

WBCs

Significance of Findings:

RBCs

Significance of Findings:

Presence of a few is normal (2-5 cells/HPF)

Higher- indicator of renal disease or the result of bleeding

Crystals

Significance of Findings:

Casts

Significance of Findings:

Urinary casts may be made up of white blood cells, red blood cells, kidney cells, or substances such as protein or fat. They are present in the urine in certain disease states (kidney disease)

C&S – Urine

Culture & sensitivity

microscopic

Significance of Findings:

A microscopic study of the urine culture performed to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria in patients with suspected urinary tract infection.

Lactic Acid

Blood

Venous blood: 5-20 mg/dL

Arterial blood:

3-7 mg/dL

Use of tourniquet or clenching hands

Vigorous exercise

Certain medications

Sodium

Blood

135-145 mEq/L

To evaluate fluid and electrolyte balance

One of the tests automatically performed when serum electrolytes are requested

Significance of Findings:

Potassium

Blood

Evaluated for any patient with any type of serious illness

Part of a complete routine evaluation for all patients, but especially for patients with cardiac history

Significance of Findings:

Calcium

Blood

To evaluate parathyroid function and calcium metabolism

Magnesium

Blood

To identify magnesium deficiency or overload