Parental incarceration is a risk factor for lifetime incarceration of the adult children

A researcher wishes to test the hypothesis that parental incarceration is a risk factor for lifetime incarceration of the adult children of incarcerated parents. She measures parental incarceration as had a parent in prison; Did not have a parent in prison and adult children’s incarceration as incarcerated; Not incarcerated.

• Identify the independent variable.
• Identify the level of measurement of the independent variable.
• Identify the dependent variable.
• Identify the level of measurement of the dependent variable.
• What type of inferential analysis should the researcher run to test for a relationship between these two variables?

A researcher wishes to test the hypothesis that coercive control can actually increase, rather than reduce, subsequent criminal offending among persons who have been imprisoned. He gathers a sample of people who have spent time in prison and measures coercive control as number of years spent in prison and recidivism as number of times re arrested after release from prison.

A researcher hypothesizes that a new policing strategy involving community meetings designed to educate residents on the importance of self protective measures will increase the use of such measures . He gathers a sample of local residents and find out whether they have participated in an educational session (have participated; have not participated). Among each group, he computes the proportion of residents who now take self protective measures.

A researcher thinks that there may be a relationship between neighborhood levels of socioeconomic disadvantage in the amount of violent crime that occurs in those neighborhoods. She measures social economic disadvantage as the percentage of neighborhood residents that live below the poverty line and she measures violent crime as the number of violent offenses reported to police per 1000 neighborhood residents.